油菜籽提取物清除活性氧作用研究

自由基是一种带有未成对电子的分子或离子,具有很高的反应活性,可对机体产生毒害,破坏生物大分子,影响细胞活性.如果自由基被中途清除,就可能中断此反应[1].科学研究表明,自由基与免疫、疾病、衰老等许多病理生理现象都有密切的关系.     

卡瓦胡椒及胡椒的RAPD聚类分析

目的：通过RAPD分析搞清楚卡瓦胡椒与胡椒及胡椒属其它近缘野生种的亲缘关系。方法和结果：采用随机引物80条进行筛选,用从80条随机引物中入选的20条引物,对卡瓦胡椒和胡椒属共计28份材料进行RAPD扩增,均能产生清晰的扩增谱带。重复1—2次,结果稳定可靠。20个引物共扩增出170个条带,其中多态性条带有20条,占总扩增条带数的12％。RAPD分析结果显示在相似系数0．36处对28份种质可划分为6个类型,其中卡瓦胡椒被单独聚为一类,说明卡瓦胡椒与胡椒及其它近缘野生种的亲缘关系有一定的距离。     

两种木本植物光合作用对油页岩废渣污染的响应

比较油页岩污染点(茂名石化公司废渣场)和相对清洁点(茂名市林科所)生长的灌木翅荚决明(CassiaalataL.)和乔木乌墨(Syzygiumcumini(Linn.)Skeels)的光合生理指标的变化。在两个试验点,翅荚决明的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的绝对值在一天的多数时段均高于乌墨,但与对照点相比,在污染点翅荚决明的净光合速率和水分利用效率的下降幅度却大于乌墨,气孔导度则相反,可能与土壤含水量有关。结果表明乌墨的抗油页岩废渣污染能力强于翅荚决明。     

低温胁迫后抗寒茶树品种‘紫阳圆叶’的基因差异表达分析

采用DDRT—PCR技术,对低温（4℃）胁迫处理不同时间（0、8、12、24和48h）后茶树[Camellia sinensis（Linn．）O．Ktze．]抗寒品种‘紫阳圆叶’（‘Ziyangyuanye’）叶片中差异表达的基因进行分离和测序,并采用半定量RT-PCR对差异表达基因的表达特性进行了比较。结果表明：有12个引物对扩增出有明显差异的cDNA片段,其中3个片段是与抗寒性相关的差异片段,分别被命名为Csgsf．Cscafl和Cscaf2,碱基数分别为217、316和232bp。比对结果显示：Cscaf与茶树品种‘安吉白茶’（‘Anjibaicha’）和‘龙井43’（‘Longjing43’）的谷氨酰胺合成酶基因的同源性分别为96％和91％,与菜豆（Phaseolus vulgaris Linn．）、蒺藜苜蓿（Medicago truncatula Gaertn．）、油棕（ElaeisguineensisJacq．）、西洋参（Panax quinquefolius Linn．）和水稻（Oryza sativa Linn．）等植物的谷氨酰胺合成酶的基因序列同源性均达到90％以上,因此,Cscafl应为茶树谷氨酰胺合成酶基因片段;Cscaf2与干旱胁迫条件下茶树表达的cDNA的同源性为100％,为茶树应答干旱和低温胁迫的基因片段;Cscafl未检索出同源序列,推测其为与冷胁迫相关的未知基因片段。半定量RT—PCR分析结果表明：Cscafl和Cscafl在低温胁迫的初始期即开始表达且表达量随低温胁迫时间延长逐渐下调;而Cscaf2的表达量随低温胁迫时间延长逐渐上调并在胁迫48h后达到最大,3个片段的表达特性均与差异扩增结果相符。     

4种红豆杉属植物遗传多样性和遗传关系的RAPD分析

采用RAPD标记研究了分属于4种红豆杉属(Taxus Linn.)植物的68个单株的遗传多样性,并采用UPGMA方法分析68个单株的遗传关系.结果表明:12条RAPD引物共扩增出109条带,其中多态性条带108条,多态性条带百分率为99.1％;平均每条引物扩增出9.1条带.南方红豆杉[T.wallichiana var.mairei (Lemée et Lévl)L.K.Fu et Nan Li.]种内的多态性条带百分率和观察等位基因数均最高;欧洲红豆杉(T.baccata Linn.)种内的有效等位基因数、Nei's基因多样度和Shannon's信息指数均最高;须弥红豆杉(T.wallichiana Zucc.)种内的各项遗传多样性指数均最低.供试4种植物的种内遗传多样度、种间遗传多样度、基因流和种间遗传分化系数分别为0.1745、0.358 6、0.401 7和0.554 5,表明55.45％的遗传变异发生在种间.南方红豆杉和须弥红豆杉遗传距离最近;曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus×media Rehd.)和须弥红豆杉的遗传距离最远.通过聚类分析可将68个单株分为3组,欧洲红豆杉的18个单株和曼地亚红豆杉的18个单株分别各自聚为1组;须弥红豆杉的16个单株和南方红豆杉的16个单株聚为1组,其中须弥红豆杉的16个单株和南方红豆杉的16个单株又各自聚为1个亚组,且南方红豆杉的雌、雄单株也分别聚在同一分支上,表明须弥红豆杉和南方红豆杉遗传关系较近,而欧洲红豆杉与其他3种植物的遗传关系较远.     

马哈利樱桃大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育

采用石蜡切片法对马哈利樱桃大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)马哈利樱桃雌配子体发育早期,在单室子房内可以看到2个倒生胚珠,但在后期其中一个退化,另一个发育为种子;其胚珠具双珠被,为厚珠心。(2)大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成直线型四分体,功能大孢子位于合点端;胚囊发育为蓼型,成熟胚囊为七细胞八核。(3)根据不同时间花的外部形态特征与内部解剖学对比的观察结果,在陕西关中地区,三月下旬是马哈利樱桃雌性生殖细胞分化和发育的重要时期,果园在此期间应加强肥水管理。     

Impacts of 3 years of elevated atmospheric CO2 on rhizosphere carbon flow and microbial community dynamics

Carbon (C) uptake by terrestrial ecosystems represents an important option for partially mitigating anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Short‐term atmospheric elevated CO₂ exposure has been shown to create major shifts in C flow routes and diversity of the active soil‐borne microbial community. Long‐term increases in CO₂ have been hypothesized to have subtle effects due to the potential adaptation of soil microorganism to the increased flow of organic C. Here, we studied the effects of prolonged elevated atmospheric CO₂ exposure on microbial C flow and microbial communities in the rhizosphere. Carex arenaria (a nonmycorrhizal plant species) and Festuca rubra (a mycorrhizal plant species) were grown at defined atmospheric conditions differing in CO₂ concentration (350 and 700 ppm) for 3 years. During this period, C flow was assessed repeatedly (after 6 months, 1, 2, and 3 years) by ¹³C pulse‐chase experiments, and label was tracked through the rhizosphere bacterial, general fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities. Fatty acid biomarker analyses and RNA‐stable isotope probing (RNA‐SIP), in combination with real‐time PCR and PCR‐DGGE, were used to examine microbial community dynamics and abundance. Throughout the experiment the influence of elevated CO₂ was highly plant dependent, with the mycorrhizal plant exerting a greater influence on both bacterial and fungal communities. Biomarker data confirmed that rhizodeposited C was first processed by AMF and subsequently transferred to bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil. Over the course of 3 years, elevated CO₂ caused a continuous increase in the ¹³C enrichment retained in AMF and an increasing delay in the transfer of C to the bacterial community. These results show that, not only do elevated atmospheric CO₂ conditions induce changes in rhizosphere C flow and dynamics but also continue to develop over multiple seasons, thereby affecting terrestrial ecosystems C utilization processes.     

Population genomic evidence for plant glacial survival in Scandinavia

Quaternary glaciations have played a major role in shaping the genetic diversity and distribution of plant species. Strong palaeoecological and genetic evidence supports a postglacial recolonization of most plant species to northern Europe from southern, eastern and even western glacial refugia. Although highly controversial, the existence of small in situ glacial refugia in northern Europe has recently gained molecular support. We used genomic analyses to examine the phylogeography of a species that is critical in this debate. Carex scirpoidea Michx subsp. scirpoidea is a dioecious, amphi‐Atlantic arctic–alpine sedge that is widely distributed in North America, but absent from most of Eurasia, apart from three extremely disjunct populations in Norway, all well within the limits of the Weichselian ice sheet. Range‐wide population sampling and variation at 5,307 single nucleotide polymorphisms show that the three Norwegian populations comprise unique evolutionary lineages divergent from Greenland with high between‐population divergence. The Norwegian populations have low within‐population genetic diversity consistent with having experienced genetic bottlenecks in glacial refugia, and host private alleles that probably accumulated in long‐term isolated populations. Demographic analyses support a single, pre‐Weichselian colonization into Norway from East Greenland, and subsequent divergence of the three populations in separate refugia. Other refugial areas are identified in North‐east Greenland, Minnesota/Michigan, Colorado and Alaska. Admixed populations in British Columbia and West Greenland indicate postglacial contact. Taken together, evidence from this study strongly indicates in situ glacial survival in Scandinavia.     

檀香SaRbohA基因的克隆与吸器诱导因子响应分析

植物Rboh基因家族编码产生活性氧(ROS)的NADPH氧化酶。了解半寄生植物檀香(Santalum album Linn.)基因Rboh相关信息和表达特性,可为研究檀香SaRbohA基因通过活性氧信号(ROS)调控吸器发育的响应提供理论依据。该研究以全长转录组测序为基础,通过序列拼接设计合成基因特异引物,从根中克隆获得了1个檀香respiratory burst oxidase homolog(Rboh)基因cDNA全长,命名为SaRbohA。序列分析表明,该基因cDNA全长2 790 bp,编码929个氨基酸,分子量105.37 kD,理论等电点9.13,预测亚细胞定位于细胞膜。结构预测表明,SaRbohA具有6个跨膜结构域,在膜内侧的C端包含典型的NADPH结合结构域和FAD结合结构域, N端含有两个EF手性结构。序列比对分析表明,檀香SaRbohA与苹果MdRboh同源进化关系较近,相似度为63.65%。组织特异性表达分析表明,SaRbohA基因在茎中表达量最低,幼叶和茎尖中表达量较高,而在根中表达量最高。采用2, 6-二甲氧基对苯醌(寄生植物吸器诱导因子)处理,可以强烈诱导檀香SaRbohA基因的响应并伴随大量活性氧信号。研究推测,SaRbohA基因的在ROS信号介导的檀香吸器发育过程中起重要作用,且受化学诱导因子调控表达。